4.3 Cheap, neglected defences

The Biological Weapons Convention is the international treaty that bans biological weapons. It came into force in 1975, and almost every country has joined. A small office supports countries in implementing it.

Few problems this large are this neglected. Part of the reason is structural. Pandemics are rare, preparing for them is expensive in years when nothing happens, and the benefits are spread across everyone. Attention rose during COVID-19 and has faded since.

Some defences look cheap relative to the risk:

• Early detection. Sequencing the genetic material in samples such as wastewater, so new threats can be spotted before they spread widely.
• DNA synthesis screening. Checking orders to companies that make DNA, so dangerous sequences aren't produced for the wrong people.
• Better protective equipment. Masks and suits that are comfortable, reusable and stockpiled in advance.
• Cleaner indoor air. Better ventilation, and types of ultraviolet light that kill pathogens in occupied rooms.
• Faster vaccines. Platforms that could produce a vaccine for a new pathogen within months.
• Stronger agreements. Including ways to check that countries keep to the Biological Weapons Convention.